My Police Bibliography – Peter Moskos

I’ve kept of list of most of what I’ve read professionally since my graduate school school days in the 1990s. This does not include all the references that are in the bibliographys of my books. And those are kind of the important ones. I this important? Probably not. I don’t know. But I keep thinking some grad student may find a nuget in here.

I have not included my notes of the references (the notes might be helpful) because I don’t want to have to read and edit them. And along with a shit-ton of types, it’s kind of personal. And research is fun. Below are 581 citations. It runs to a 31-pages as a word file as is, just FYI. This is not edited or proofread. It’s just every heading I have in a big file. If you’d like a more abridged / currated file, go to my list of good police research and books.

Abbott, Andrew. 1988. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press.

“All Stars, no bars: Sobriety in Deepest Arkansas.” 2002. Economist, August 10, 2002. p. 29.

Aitken, Campbell, David Moore, Peter Higgs, Jenny Kelsall, Michael Kerger. 2002. “The Impact of Police Crackdown on a Steet Drug Scene: Evidence from the Street.” International Journal of Drug Policy. 13:189-198.

Alex, Nicholas. 1969. Black in Blue. New York: Meredith Corporation.

Alpert, Geoffrey P. and Roger G. Dunham. 1997. Policing Urban America (3rd edition). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press.

Anderson, Dave A. 1999. “The Aggregate Burden of Crime.” Journal of Law and Economics XLII (2), October.

Anderson, Elijah. 1990. Streetwise. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Anderson, Elijah. 1999. Code of the Street. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Anderson, Elijah. 2002. “The Ideologically Driven Critique.” American Journal of Sociology. May Vol. 107(6)

Andreas, Peter and Ethan Nadelmann. 2006. Policing the Globe: Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations. New York: Oxford.

Anechiarico, Frank and James B. Jacobs. 1996. The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How Corruption Control Makes Government Ineffective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Annual Report of the Police Commissioner for the City of Boston. 1908. Boston: Wright and Potter.

Appier, Janis. 1998. Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Austin, James, Marino A. Bruce, Leo Carroll, Patricia L. McCall, Stephen C. Richards (2001). “The Use of Incarceration in the United States.” Critical Criminology. 10: 17-41.

Ball, John C. 1991. “The Similarity of Crime Rates among Male Heroin Addicts in New York City, Philadelphia and Baltimore.” Journal of Drug Issues, 21, 2, spring, 413-427.

Banton, Michael. 1964. The Policeman in the Community. New York: Basic Books.

Barker, Joan C. 1999. Danger, Duty, and Disillusion: the Worldview of Los Angeles Police Officers. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.

Barlow, David and Melissa Hickman Barlow. 2000. Police in a Multicultural Society: An American Story. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.

Bayley, David H. 1976. Forces of Order: Police Behavior in Japan and the United States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Bayley, David H. 1985. Patterns of Policing: A Comparative International Analysis. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Bayley, David H. 1994. Police For the Future. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bayley, David H. and Harold Mendelsohn. 1969. Minorities and the Police: Confrontation in America. New York: The Free Press.

Bayley, David H. 1998. “Policing in America,” in Society, Nov/Dec 1998, Vol. 36, No. 1.

Bayley and Shearing 2001. The New Structure of Policing: Description, Conceptualization, and Research Agenda. National Institute of Justice NCJ 187083 July. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Beard, Eugene. 1977. “The Black Police in Washington, D.C.” Journal of Police Science and Administration. Vol. 5

Beccaria, Cesare. 1764. On Crimes And Punishments. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co. 1986.

Beckett, Katherine. 1997. Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Becker, Howard S., Blanche Geer, Everett C. Hughes, and Anselm L. Strauss. 1961. Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bentley, Brian S. 1997. One Time: The Story of a South Central Los Angeles Police Officer. Los Angeles: Cool Jack Publishing.

Behr, Edward. 1996. Prohibition: Thirteen Years that Changed America. New York: Arcade Publishing.

Berkley, George E. 1969. The Democratic Policeman. Boston: Beacon Press.

Berrien, Jenny Drake. 1997 “The Boston Miracle: The Emergence of New Institutional Structures in the Absence of Rational Planning.” An [unpublished undergraduate thesis] essay presented to the Committee on Degrees in Sociology.

Beyer, Lorraine, Nick Crofts, Gary Reid. 2002. “Drug Offending and Criminal Justice Responses: Practitioners’ Perspectives.” International Journal of Drug Policy. 13:203-211.

The Bible: Joel 3:10. Proverbs 29:2. Romans 13

Bieck, William and David A. Kessler. 1977. Response Team Analysis. Kansas City, MO: Board of Police Commissioners.

Birkbeck, Christopher, and Gary LaFree. 1993. “The Situational Analysis of Crime and Deviance,” in Annual Review of Sociology. 19:113-37

Bittner, Egon. 1970. The Functions of the Police in Modern Society (National Institute of Mental Health, Crime and Delinquency Issues Series). Rockville, MD: Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency.

Bittner, Egon. 1990. Aspects of Police Work. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Black, Donald J. 1971. “The Social Organization of Arrest,” Stanford Law Review, 23, June 1971. pp. 1087-1111. (reprinted in Klockars and Mastrofski)

Black, Donald J. 1980. The Manners and Customs of the Police. London: Academic Press, Inc.

Black, Donald J., and Albert J. Reiss Jr. 1970. “Police Control of Juveniles.” American Sociological Review. Vol. 35: 63-77.

Blankenburg, Erhard and Freek Bruinsma. 1994. Dutch Legal Culture (2nd ed.) Deventer, the Netherlands and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.

Block, C., Block, R., and Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. 1988. Homicides in Chicago, 1965-1995. Ann Arbor: Intra-university Consortium for Political and Science Research.

Blumer, Herbert. 1969. Symbolic Interaction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Blumstein, Alfred, Donald Farrington, and W. Moitra. 1985. “Delinquency Careers: Innocents, Desisters, and Persisters,” in Michael Tonry and Norval Morris (eds.). Crime and Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Blumstein, Alfred. 1995. “Violence by Young People: Why the Deadly Nexus?” National Institute of Justice Journal. August:2-9.

Blumstein, Alfred. 1995. “Youth Violence, Guns and the Illicit Drug Industry.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:10-36

Blumstein, Alfred. 2000. “Disaggregating the Violence Trends.” in The Crime Drop in America, Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman (ed.s). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bogira, Steve. 2005. Courtroom 302. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Bonnie, Richard J. and Charles H. Whitebread II. 1974. “The Marihuana Conviction: A History of the Marihuana Prohibition in the United States.” Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.

Boorstin, Daniel J. 1958. The Americans: the Colonial Experience. New York: Vintage Books.

Bopp, William J. 1977. “O.W.”: O.W. Wilson and the Search for a Police Profession. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press Corp.

Bordua, David J. (ed.) 1967. The Police: Six Sociological Essays. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Borrero M. 2001. “The Widening Mistrust Between Youth And Police” Families In Society-The Journal Of Contemporary Human Services Vol.82 (4) (Jul-Aug): 399-408.

Bouffard JA. 2000. “Predicting Type Of Sexual Assault Case Closure From Victim, Suspect, And Case Characteristics” Journal Of Criminal Justice 28 (6): 527-542 NOV-DEC

Bourma, Donald. 1969. Kids and Cops: A Study in Mutual Hostility. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Bourgois, Philippe. 1995. In Search of Respect. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bouza, Anthony C. 1990. The Police Mystique: An Insider’s Look at Cops, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System. New York: Plenum Press.

Braga, Anthony A., David L. Weisburd, Elin J. Waring, Lorraine Green Mazerolle, William Spelman, and Francis Gajewski. 1999. “Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment.” Criminology Vol. 37 (3) (Aug): 541-580.

Bratton, William with Peter Knobler. 1998 Turnaround: How America’s Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House.

Brodeur, Jean-Paul. 1994. “The Police Force And Coercion.” Revue Francaise De Sociologie. 35: (3) 457-485 JUL-SEP. (french)

Brodeur, Jean-Paul (ed.). 1995. Comparisons in Policing: An International Perspective. Brookfield, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company.

Brooks, David. 2002. “The Culture of Martyrdom: How Suicide Bombing Became Not Just a Means But an End.” The Atlantic Monthly. Vol 289 (6) (June): 18-20.

Brooks, Laure Weber, Alex Piquero, and James Cronin. 1994. “Work-Load Rates and Police Officer Attitudes: An Examination of Busy and Slow Precincts” Journal of Criminal Justice Vol. 22 (3): 277-286.

Brooks, Rosa. 2021. Tangled up in Blue; Policing the American City. New York: Penguin.

Brown, Jennifer M. and Frances Heidensohn. Gender and Policing; Comparative Perspectives. St. Martin’s Press 2000.

Brown, Michael K. 1981. Working the Street: Police Discretion and the Dilemmas of Reform. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Brown, Robert A. and James Frank. 2006. “Race and Officer Decision Making: Examining Differences in Arrest Outcomes between Black and White Officers.” Justice Quarterly. Vol. 23 (1) march.

Burbeck, Elizabeth and Adrian Furnham. 1985. “Police Officer Selection: A Critical Review of the Literature.” Journal of Police Science and Administration. 13 (1): 58-59.

Bureau of Narcotics. 1964. “History of Narcotic Addiction in the United States.” In Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Congress, 1st and 2nd session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Treasury Department.

Bureau of Prohibition, Education and Statistics. 1929. How Shall We Teach the 18th Amendment? Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office.

Butterfield, Fox. 1997. “Crime Fighting’s About Face.” New York Times. Jan. 19, sec. 4, p. 1, 2.

Buxton, Julia. 2006. The Political Economy of Narcotics: Production, Consumption, & Global Markets. London: Zed Books.

Campbell, Valencia. 1980. “Double Marginality of Black Policemen.” Criminology. Vol. 17.

Canada, Geoffrey. 1995. Fist Stick Knife Gun: A Personal History of Violence in America. Boston: Beacon Press.

Cannon, Lou. 1997. Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD. New York: Times Books.

Carlson, H., R. E. Thayer, and A. C. Germann. 1971. “Social Attitudes and Personality Differences among Members of Two Kinds of Police Departments (Innovative vs. Traditional) and Students.” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Political Science 62:564–67.

Carson, Barbara. 1993. “Women in Law Enforcement,” chapter 6 in Women and the Use of Military Force by Ruth H Howes and Michael R. Stevenson (eds.). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Cashmore, Ellis. 2001. “The Experiences of Ethnic Minority Police Officers in Britain: Under-Recruitment and Racial Profiling in a Performance Culture” Ethnic and Racial Studies. Vol 24(4) July. pp.642-659.

Caulkins, Jonathan P. 2000. Do Drug Prohibition and Enforcement Work? Arlington VA: Lexington Institute.

Caless, Bryn. 2011. Policing At the Top: The Roles, Values and Attitudes of Chief Police Officers. Bristol, UK: The Policy Press.

Cea, Robert. 2005. No Lights, No Sirens: The Corruption and Redemption of an Inner City Cop. New York: HarperCollins.

Center, Susan L. 1984. “Police Discretion: A Selected Bibliography.” Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 47(4):303-313.

Cerulo, Karen A. 1997. “Identity Construction: New Issues, New Directions” in Annual Review of Sociology 1997 23: 385-409.

Chaiken, Jan M. and Marcia R. Chaiken. 1983. “Crime Rates and the Active Criminal.” In James Q. Wilson (ed.), Crime and Public Policy. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies.

Chaiken JM, Chaiken MR. 1990. “Drugs and predatory crime” Crime and justice-a review of research 13: 203-239.

The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society: Looking Back Looking Forward. 1997. Symposium on the 30th Anniversary of the President’s Commission of Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967). Office of Justice Programs. US Department of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Chan, Janet. 1997. Changing Police Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chan, Janet B.L. 2003. Fair Cop: Learning the Art of Policing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Chan, Janet. 2001. “Negotiating the Field: new Observations on the Making of the Police Officers,” In the Autralian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. Vol. 34, nno. 2, pp. 114-133.

Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Personnel Survey. 1993

Clark, Ronald and Mike Hough. 1984. Crime and Cost Effectiveness. London: Home Office, Research Study 79.

Clear, Todd. R. 2007. Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhood Worse. New York: Oxford Press.

Coates, Ta-Nehisi. 2001. “Black and Blue: Why does America’s richest black suburb have some of the country’s most brutal cops?” in The Washington Monthly, June 2001.

Coates, Ta-Nehisi. 2008. The Beautiful Struggle: A father, two sons, and an unlikely road to manhood. New York: Spiegel and Grau.

Coffey, Thomas. 1975. The Long Thirst: Prohibition in America, 1920-1933. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Cohen, Howard S and Michael Feldberg. 1991. Power and Restraint: the Moral Dimension of Police Work. Westport CT: Praeger Publishers.

Cohen, Peter. 1990 “Drugs as a social construct.” Dissertation. Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam.

Conover, Ted. 2000. Newjack. New York: Random House.

Cordner, Gary W. and Donna C. Hale. 1992. What Works in Policing?: Operations and Administration Examined. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co.

Robert H. Langworthy “Organizational Structure” 1992. In Cordner and Hale 1992

Mittie D. Southerland and Elizabeth Reuss-Ianni 1992. “Leadership and Management” In Cordner and Hale 1992

Cordner, Gary W., and Robert C. Trojanowicz, 1992. “Patrol”. In Gary W. Cordner and Donna C. Hale (eds.). 1992. What Works in Policing?: Operations and Administration Examined. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co.

Cork, Daniel. 1999. “Examining Space-Time Interaction in City-Level Homicide Data: Crack Markets and the Diffusion of Guns Among Youth.” Journal of Quantitative Criminiolgy15:379-406.

Cottler, L.B., W.M. Compton, D. Mager, E. Spitznagel, and A. Janca. 1992. Posttraumatic stress disorder among substance users from the general population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 664-670.

Colquhoun, Patrick. 1796. A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis; containing a detail of the various crimes and misdemeanors by which public and private property and security are, at present, injured and endangered; and suggesting remedies for their prevention (3rd edition). London: H. Fry.

Courtwright, David T. 1996. Violent Land: Single Men and Social Disorder from the Frontier to the Inner City. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Courtwright, David T. 2001. Dark Paradise: A History of Opiate Addiction in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Cowper, Thomas J. 2000. “The Myth of the ‘Military Model’ of Leadership in Law Enforcement” in Police Quarterly. Vol. 3 No. 3, September 2000 228-246.

Crawford, Charles and Ronald Burns. 2002. “Resisting Arrest: Predictors of Suspect Non-Compliance and Use of Force Against Police Officers” Police Practice and Research. Vol 3 No 2. pp. 105 – 117

Critchley, T.A. 1967. A History of Police in England and Wales 900-1966. London: Constable and Company Ltd.

Cutten, George B. 1944. Should Prohibition Return? New York: Fleming H Revell.

Das, Dilip D. 1993. Policing in Six Countries Around the World: Organizational perspectives. Chicago: Office of International Criminal Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago.

Davis, Kenneth Culp. 1969. Discretionary Justice. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Sate University Press.

Davis, Kenneth Culp. 1975. Police Discretion. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.

Dawson, Myrna, and Ronit Dinovitzer. 2001. “Victim Cooperation and the Prosecution of Domestic Violence in a Specialized Court” in Justice Quarterly, VOL. 18 No. 3: ?.

Decker, Scott H., and Susan Pennell. 1995. Arrestees and Guns: Monitoring the Illegal Firearms Market. Washington, CD: National Institute of Justice.

Decker, Scott H., Susan Pennell, and Ami Caldwell. 1997. Illegal Firearms: Access and Use by Arrestees. Research in Brief (NCJ 163496). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Decker, Scott H. and Russell L. Smith. 1980. “Police Minority Recruitment: A Note on its Effectiveness in Improving Black Evaluations of the Police.” in Journal of Criminal Justice. Vol. 8. 387-393.

Delattre, Edwin J. 1996. Character and Cops: Ethics in Policing. Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press.

Densten, J.C. 1917. “Drug Addiction and the Harrison Anti-Narcotic Act.” New York Medical Journal, Vol. 105 (April 21, 1917), 747-48.

DiIulio, John J. Jr. 1995. “The Coming of the Super-Predators,” The Weekly Standard. November 27.

Donaldson, Greg. 1993. The Ville: Cops and Kids in Urban America. New York: Doubleday.

Donnelly, Daniel. 2008. Municipal Policing in Scotland. Dundee (Scotland): Dundee University Press.

Dovey, Kim, John Fitzgerald, Choi. 2001. “Safety Becomes Danger: Dilemmas of Drug-use in Public Space. Health & Place. 7:319-331.

Dowler, Kenneth. 2005. “Job Satisfaction, Burnout, and Perception of Unfair Treatment: The Relationship Between Race and Police Work.” Police Quarterly. Vol. 8(4).

Drug War Facts: Common Sense for Drug Policy. 1999. http://www.csdp.org

DuBois, W.E.B. 1899. The Philadelphia Negro. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Dulaney, W. Marvin.1996. Black Police in America. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Dunham, Roger G. and Geoffrey P. Alpert (eds.). 1997. Critical Issues in Policing (Third Edition). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.

Kennedy, David M. and Mark H. Moore. “Underwriting the Risky Investment in Community Policing: What Social Science Should be Doing to Evaluate Community Policing.” In Dunham and Alpert 1997.

Duneier, Mitchell. 1992. Slim’s Table. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Duneier, Mitchell. 1999. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Duneier, Mitchell and Harvey Molotch (?). 1999. “Interactional Vandalism” American Journal of Sociology vol. 104 #5 (March 1999).

Durkheim, Emile. 1893. The Division of Labor in Society. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press (1938).

Durkheim, Emile. 1895. The Rules of Sociological Method. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press (1938).

Durkheim, Emile. 1897. Suicide. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul (1952)

Durkheim, Emile. 1933. Emile Durkheim on the Division of Labor in Society. New York: Macmillan.

Eck, John E., William Spelman, Diane Hill, Darrel W. Stephens, John R. Stedman, and Gerard R. Murphy. 1987. “Who Ya Gonna Call? The Police as Problem-Busters,” Crime & Delinquency, 33: 31-52

Egan, Timothy. 2002. “Pastoral Poverty: The Seeds of Decline.” The New York Times. December 8. p. 1.

Ellis, Bill. 2003. Lucifer Ascending: The Occult in Folklore and Popular Culture. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Elliston, Frederick A. and Michael Feldberg. 1985. Moral Issues in Police Work. Savage, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.

Emsley, Clive. 1983. Policing and its Context, 1750-1870. London: Macmillan.

Engel, Robin Shepard. 2000. “The Effects of Supervisory Styles on Patrol Officer Behavior” in Police Quarterly. Vol. 3 No. 3, September 2000 262-293.

Engel, Robin Sharpard. 2002. “Patrol Officer Supervision in the Community Policing Era” in Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 30: 51-64.

Engel, Robin Shepard, James J. Sobol, and Robert E. Worden. 2000. “Further Exploration Of The Demeanor Hypothesis: The Interaction Effects Of Suspects’ Characteristics And Demeanor On Police Behavior” Justice Quarterly. Vol. 17 (2) (June): 235-258.

Evans, Sara M. 1989 (1997). Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America. New York: Free Press.

Facts About Prisons and Prisoners. 2002.Washington DC: The Sentencing Project.

Fagen, Jeffrey. 2002. “Policing Guns and Youth Violence.” The Future of Children. 12(2):133-151.

Ferdinand, Theodore N. 1980. “Police Attitudes and Police Organization: Some Interdepartmental and Cross-Cultural Comparisons.” Police Studies, 3, 3, fall, 46-60.

Fielding, Nigel G. 1988. Joining Forces: Police Training, Socialization, and Occupational Competence. London: Routledge.

Fine, Gary A. 1987. With the Boys: Little League Baseball and Preadolescent Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Fine, Gary Alan. 1993. “The Sad Demise, Mysterious Disappearance, and Glorious Triumph of Symbolic Interactionism,” in Annual Review of Sociology. 1993. 19:61-87.

Fisher, Irving. 1927. Prohibition at Its Worst. New York: Alcohol Information Committee.

Fisher, C J and Mawby R I. 1982. “Juvenile Delinquency and Police Discretion in an Inner-City Area.” British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 22(1) (Jan): 63-75.

Fisher, Irving. 1930. The “Nobel Experiment.” New York: Alcohol Information Committee.

Fitzsimmons, Tracy. 1998. “Engendering a New Police Identity?” Peace Review, 10:2 (1998) 269-274.

Fletcher, Connie. What Cops Know.

Folsom, De Fancias. 1888. Our Police: A History of the Baltimore Force From the First Watchman to the Latest Appointee. Baltimore, Maryland: J.D. Ehlers

Fogelson, Robert M. 1977. Big-City Police. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Force, Robert (1972). “Decriminalization of Breach of the Peace Statutes: A Nonpenal Approach to Order Maintenance,” Tulane Law Review, 46: 367-493.

Fox, James Alen. 1978. Forecasting Crime. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Fox, James Alan. 2000. “Demographics and U.S. Homicide.” in The Crime Drop in America, Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman (ed.s). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Free, Marvin D. Jr. 2001. “Racial Bias and the American Criminal Justice System: Race and Presentencing Revisited.” Critical Criminology 10: 195-223.

Freilich, Morris and Frank A. Schubert. 1991. “Proper Rules, Smart Rules, and Police Discretion” Chapter 12 in: Deviance: Anthropological Perspectives. Morris Freilich, Douglas Raybeck, and Joel Savishinsky (eds.). New York: Bergin and Garvey.

Friedmann, Robert R. 1992. Community Policing: Comparative Perspectives and Prospects. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Fyfe, James J. 1996. “Methodology, Substance, and Demeanor in Police Observational Research: A Reponse to Lundman and Others.” in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 33 No. 3 (August): 337-348.

Gall, Franz and G. Spurzheim. 1810. Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux en général, et du cerveau en particulier, avec des observations sur la possibilité de reconnoître plusieurs dispositions intellectuelles et morales de l’homme et des animaux, par la configuration de leurs têtes. Paris: F. Schoell

Gallo, Gina. 2001. Armed and Dangerous: Memoirs of a Chicago Policewoman. New York: Tom Doherty Associates.

Gans, Herbert J. 1962. The Urban Villagers: Group and Class it the Life of Italian-Americans. New York: The Free Press.

Gladwell, Malcolm. 1996. The Tipping Point. In The New Yorker, June 3, 1996. New York.

Gebhart, John C. 1929. “Reforming America With a Shot Gun: A Study of Prohibition Killings.” Washington D.C.: Association Against the Prohibition Amendment.

Gebhart, John C. 1930. Clogging of Courts and Prisons. Washington D.C.: Association Against the Prohibition Amendment.

Geller, William A. and Michael S. Scott. 1991. “Deadly Force: What We Know,” in Klockars, Carl B. and Stephen D. Mastrofski (eds.). 1991. Thinking about Police: Contemporary Readings (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor.

Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall

Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face-to-Face Behavior. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co.

Goffman, Erving. 1971. Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. New York: Basic Books.

Goldstein, Herman. 1963. “Police Discretion – The Ideal Versus The Real” Public Administration Review. Vol. 23 (3): 140-148.

Goldstein, Herman. 1978. 1990. Problem-Oriented Policing. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Goldstein, Joseph. 1960. “Police Discretion Not to Invoke the Criminal Process: Low Visibility Decisions in the Administration of Justice.” Yale Law Journal. Vol. 69, 543-594.

Goldstein, Paul. 1985. The Drug/Violence Nexus: A Tripartite Conceptual Framework. Journal of Drug Issues, 14, 493-506.

Goldstein, Paul, H.H. Brownstein, P.J. Ryan, and P.A. Bellucci. 1989. “Crack and Homicide in New York City, 1988: A conceptually based event analysis.” In Contemporary Drug Problems. 16, 651-687.

Goldstein, Paul J., Henry H. Brownstein, Patrick J Ryan, and Patricial A. Bellucci. 1997. “Crack and Homicide in New York City: A Case Study in the Epidemiology of Violence” in Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine (eds.). 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Golub, Andrew, Bruce D. Johnson, Angela Taylor, and John Eterno. 2004. “Does Quality-of-Life Policing Widen the Net. A Partial Analysis.” Justice Research and Policy. Vol. 6(1).

Goode, Erich. 2002. “Drug Arrests at the Millennuim.” In Society. July/August:41-45.

Grant, Douglas. 1973. The Thin blue Line: The story of the City of Glasgow police. London: John Long.

Greenberg, Martin Alan. 1999. Prohibition Enforcement: Charting a New Mission. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas.

Gurr, Ted R. 1979. “On the History of Violent Crime in Europe and America.” In Graham, H.D., and Gurr, Ted R. (eds.), Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Groves W E and Rossi P H. 1970. “Police Perceptions of a Hostile Ghetto” in American Behavioral Scientist. Vol. 13, pp. 727-743.

Haarr, Robin. N. 1997. “Patterns of Interaction in Police Patrol Bureau: Race and Gender Barriers to Integration.” Justice Quarterly. Vol. 14.

Haarr, Robin. N. 2005. “Factors Affecting the Decision of Police Recruits To ‘Drop Out’ of Police Work.” Police Quarterly. Vol. 8(4).

Haarr, Robin. N. and Merry Morash. 1999. “Gender, Race and Strategies of Coping with Occupational Stress in Policing. Justice Quarterly. Vol. 16.

Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate.

Harcourt, Bernard E. 2001. The Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Harcourt, Bernard E. 2007. Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. Chicago: University of Chicago.

Harcourt, Bernard E. and Jens Ludwig. 2006. “Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City and a Five-City Social Experiment.” University of Chicago Law Review. 73(271).

Hare, A. Paul and Herbert H. Blumberg. 1988. Dramaturgical Analysis of Social Interaction. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Harris, Richard N. 1973. The Police Academy: An Inside View. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Harrison, Paige M. and Allen J. Beck. 2001. Prisoners in 2001. US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.

Herbert, Steve. 1997. Policing Space. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota Press.

Herbert, Steve. 1998. “Police subculture reconsidered.” Criminology (May) 36: (2) 343-369.

Herbert, Steve. 2006. Citizens, Cops, and Power: Recognizing the Limits of Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Herrnstein, Richard J. and Charles Murray. 1994. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press.

Highmore, Stuart. 1995. The Impact of Special Constabulary Foot Patrols in Rural Areas. Report R153. Winchester: Research and Development Department, Hampshire Constabulary.

Hoffmann, John. 2000. “Police Corps: An Update Two Years after the First Police Corps Graduation,” in Law and Order, January 2000.

Hofstede, Geert. 1994. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival. London: HarperCollins.

Holdaway, Simon. 1977. “Changes in Urban Policing” British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 28 (2): 119-135.

Holdaway, Simon (ed.). 1980. The British Police. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Holdaway, Simon. 1997(a). “Responding to Racialized Divisions Within the Workforce—The Experience of Black and Asian Police Officers in England” Ethnic and Racial Studies vol. 20(1): 69-90.

Holdaway, Simon. 1997(b). “Constructing and Sustaining ‘Race’ Within the Police Workforce” British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 48(1): 19-34.

Holdaway, Simon. 1997(c). “Some Recent Approaches to the Study of Race in Criminological Research” British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 37(3): 383-401.

Hughes, Everett. 1937. “Institutional Office and the Person.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, 1937, pp. 409-10.

Hughes, Everett C. 1958. Men and Their Work. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press.

Hunt, Jennifer and Peter K. Manning. 1991 “The Social Context of Police Lying.” in Symbolic Interaction, 14(1):51-70.

Hurst YG, J Frank, and SL Browning. 2000. “The Attitudes of Juveniles Toward the Police–A Comparison of Black and White Youth” in Policing–An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management. 23 (1): 37-53.

Jackall, Robert. 1997. Wild Cowboys: Urban Marauders & the Forces of Order. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Bruce A. 1997. “Contingent Ties: Undercover Drug Officers’ Use of Informants” British Journal of Sociology Vol. 48 (1): 35-53.

Jacobs, Bruce A. 1997. “Contingent Ties: Undercover Drug Officers’ Use of Informants” British Journal of Sociology Vol. 48 (1): 35-53.

Jacobs, Bruce A. 1999. Dealing Crack: the Social World of Streetcorner Selling. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Jacobs, Bruce A. 2000. Robbing Drug Dealers: Violence Beyond the Law. New York: Walter de Gruyter, Inc.

Jacobs, Bruce A. and Richard Wright. 2006. Street Justice: Retaliation in the Criminal Underworld. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Jacobs, David and Robert M. O’Brien. 1998. “The Determinants of Deadly Force: A Structural Analysis of Police Violence,” in American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 103, No. 4 (January 1998): 837:62

Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.

Jacobs, Jane. 1961b. Violence in City Streets. In Harper’s Magazine, September 1961. New York: Random House.

Jacobs, Jane. 1969. The Economy of Cities. New York: Random House.

Jacobs, Jane. 2004. Dark Age Ahead. New York: Random House.

James, Daniel. 1980. “Police-Black Relations: the Professional Solution” in Holdaway’s (ed.) 1980 The British Police.

Juarez, Juan Antonio. 2002. A Soldier’s Story: I Joined the Police Department Hoping to Make a Difference. Chicago Reader. Vol 31, No 28, April 12.

Johnson, Bruce D., Eloise Dunlap, and Sylview C Tourigny. 2002. “Crack Distribution and Abuse in New York” in Illegal Drug Markets:From Research to Prevention Policy. Mangai Natarajan and Mike Hough (ed.s). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, and Eloise Dunlap. 2000. “The Rise and Decline of hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York.” in The Crime Drop in America, Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman (ed.s). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, Angela Taylor, and John Eterno. 2003. “Quality-of-Life Policing: Do Offenders Get the Message.” Policing. Vol. 26(4), pp. 690-707.

Johnson, David Ralph. 1979. Policing the Urban Underworld. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Johnson, David Ralph. 1981. American Law Enforcement: A History. Wheeling, Ill: Forum Press.

Kadish, Sanford H. 1962. “Local Norms and Discretion in the Police and Sentencing Processes,” in Harvard Law Review, 75 (March): 904-931.

Kangon, Jacqueline Goldwyn. 2001. “A Year in the Trenches.” New York Times. Section 4A (Education Life) April 8. pp. 30-38.

Kania, Richard E. and Wade C. Mackey. 1977. “Police Violence as a Function of Community Characteristics.” Criminology 15(1): 27-48.

Kansas City Police Department. 1977. Response Time Analysis: Volume II–Part I Crime Analysis.Kansas City, Mo.

Kappeler, Victor E., Richard D. Sluder, and Geoffrey P. Alpert. 1998. Forces of Deviance: Understanding the Dark Side of Policing (second edition). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press.

Karmen, Andrew. 2000. New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s. New York: New York University Press.

Katz, Charles and Vincent J. Webb. 2006. Policing Gangs in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Katz, Charles M., Vincent J. Webb, and David R. Schaefer. 2001. “An Assessment of the Impact of Quality-of-Life Policing on Crime and Disorder” in Justice Quarterly, Vol. 18 No. 4 (December). pp. 829-864.

Katz, Jack. 1988. Seductions of Crime. New York: Basic Books.

Kelling, George L. 1985. “Order Maintenance, the Quality of Urban Life, and Police: A Line of Argument.” In Geller, William A. (ed.), Police Leadership in America. Chicago, IL: American Bar Foundation; New York: Praeger Publishers.

Kelling, George L. and Catherine M. Coles. 1996. Fixing Broken Windows. New York: The Free Press.

Kelling, George L., and Mark H. Moore. 1988. “The Evolving Strategy of Policing,” in Perspectives on Policing, No. 4. November. National Institute of Justice.

Kelling, George L., T. Pate, D. Diekman, & C.E. Brown. 1974. The Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment: A Summary Report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Kelling, George L., and William H. Sousa, Jr. 2001. “Do Police Matter? An Analysis of the Impact of New York City’s Police Reforms.” Center for Civic Innovation, Manhattan Institute. No. 22 December, 2001.

Kennedy, David M. 1997. “Pulling Levers: Chronic Offenders, High-Crime Settings, and a Theory of Prevention.” Valparaiso Law Review, pp. 449-484. Valparaiso, Indiana.

Kennedy, David. 1998. “Pulling Levers: Getting Deterrence Right.” in National Institute of Justice Journal, July 1998.

Kenney, Dennis Jay. 1986. “Crime, Fear, and the New York City Subways: The Role of Citizen Action” Praeger

Kleinig, John. 1996. The Ethics of Policing. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Klinger, David A. 1994. “Demeanor Or Crime – Why Hostile Citizens Are More Likely To Be Arrested” Criminology 32 (3): 475-493 AUG

Klinger, David A. 1996. “Bringing Crime Back In: Towards a Better Understanding of Police Arrest Decisions” in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 33 No. 3, (August): 333-336.

Klinger, David A. 1997. “Negotiating Order in Patrol Work: An Ecological Theory of Police Response to Deviance.” in Criminology vol. 35, No 2. pp. 277-306.

Klinger, David A. 2004. Into the Kill Zone. Jossey-Bass.

Klockars, Carl B. and Stephen D. Mastrofski (eds.). 1991. Thinking about Police: Contemporary Readings (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Klockars, Carl B. 1980. “The Dirty Harry Problem.” In The Annals, 452 (November 1980), pp. 22-47. Also in Klockars, Carl B. and Stephen D. Mastrofski (eds.). 1991. Thinking about Police: Contemporary Readings (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Klockars, Carl B. 1984. “Blue Lies and Police Placebos: the Moralities of Police Lying.” In American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 27, No. 4, March/April, 529-544. Also in Klockars, Carl B. and Stephen D. Mastrofski (eds.). 1991. Thinking about Police: Contemporary Readings (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Koester, Stephen K. 1994. “Copping, Running and Paraphernalia Laws: Contextual Variables and Needle Risk Behavior among Injection Drug Users in Denver.” Human Organization. 53(3) Fall.

Kovandizic, Tomislav V., and John J. Sloan. 2001. “Police Levels and Crime Rates Revisited: A county-level Analysis from Florida (1980-1998)” in Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol 30: 65-76.

Lee, William Lauriston Melville. 1901. A History of Police in England. London: Methuen. (1971. Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith)

Li, L and Smialek JE. 1996. “Observations on Drug Abuse Deaths in the State of Maryland.” Journal of Forensic Sciences. 41(1) 106-109.

Miller, Wilbur R. 1975. “Cops and Bobbies, 1830-1870.” From “Police Authority in London and New York City 1830-1870,” from the Journal of Social History (Winter 1975), pp. 81-101.

Koenig, Daniel J. 1991. Do Police Cause Crime?: Police Activity, Police Strength and Crime Rates. Ottawa: Canadian Police College.

Krahn, Harvey and Leslie Kennedy. 1985. “Producing Personal Safety: The Effects of Crime Rates, Police Force Size, and Fear of Crime.” Criminology 23:697-710.

Kraska, Peter B. 1998. “Enjoying Militarism: Political/Personal Dilemmas in Studying U.S. Police Paramilitary Units,” in Ethnography at the Edge: Crime Deviance, and Field Research. Edited by Jeff Ferrell and Mark s. Hamm. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Krohn, Chistopher. 2002. “Why I’m Fighting Federal Drug Laws From City Hall.” New York Times. Op-ed. September 21.

LaFave, Wayne R. 1962. “The Police and Non-enforcement of the Law–Part I” in Wisconsin Law Review. January: 104-137.

Laffey, Marcus. 2000 “Cop Diary: The Midnight Tour,” in The New Yorker, May 15, 2000.

Lattimore, P.K., J. Trudeau, K.J. Riley, J. Leiter, and S. Edwards. 1997. Homicide in Eight U.S. Cities: Trends, Context, and Policy Implications. Research Report (NCJ 167262).Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Liebling, A. 2000. “Prison Officers, Policing and the Use of Discretion” in Theoretical Criminology. August. 4 (3): 333-357.

Lane, Roger. 1967. Policing the City: Boston 1822-1885. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Lane, Roger. 1980. “Urban Police and Crime in Nineteenth-Century America.” In Morris, N., and Tonry, M. (eds.), Crime and Justice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Lane, Roger. 1986. Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia, 1860-1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Lanier, Mark M. 1996. “An Evolutionary Typology of Women Police Officers.” Women & Criminal Justice, 8, 2, 35-57.

Larson, Richard C. 1988. “Rapid Response and Community Policing: Are They Really in Conflict?” Paper based on presentation to the Seventh Meeting of the Executive Session, Community Policing, Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, Mass., Sept. Photocopy.

Laub, John H. and Janet L. Lauritsen. 1994. “The Precursors of Criminal Offending Across the Life Course,” Federal Probation. September.

Laurie, Peter. 1970. Scotland Yard. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Leinin, Stephen. 1994. Black Police, White Society. New York: New York University Press.

Lersch, Kim Mechelle. 2002. “Are Citizen Complaints Just Another Measure of Officer Productivity? An Analysis of Citizen Complaints and Officer Activity Measures” Police Practice and Reseach. Vol 3 No 2. pp. 135-147.

Leung, Shirley. 1996. “PR Firm Touts MBTA’s Bad News” in Boston Globe, November 19, 1996, p. B1.

Leuw, Ed. 1991. Drugs and Drug Policy in the Netherlands, Dutch Penal Law and Policy. Dutch ministry of Justice, Research and Documentation Centre, The Hague 11, 1991, #04, pp.1/8

Levinson, Daniel J. 1964. “The Study of Ethnocentric Ideology.” In Adorno, Theodore W., Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, R. Nevitt Sanford. 1964. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Levitt, Steven D. 2004. “Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not.” Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 18(1). Winter. pp. 163–190.

Liebow, Elliott. 1967. Tally’s Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men. Boston: Little, Brown.

Lipsky, Michael (ed.). 1970. Law and Order: Police Encounters. New York: Aldine Publishing Company.

Lizotte, Alan J., Gregory J. Howard, Marvin D. Krohn, and Terence P. Thornberry. 1997. “Patterns of Illegal Gun Carrying among young Urban Males.” Valparaiso University Law Review 31:375-93.

Loftin, Colin and David McDowall. 1982. “The Police, Crime, and Economic Theory: An Assessment.” American Sociological Review 47:393-401.

Lohman, Joseph D. 1947. The Police and Minority Groups. Chicago: Chicago Park District.

Lundman, Richard J. 1980. Police Behavior: A Sociological Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lundman, Richard J. 1996 (a). “Demeanor and Arrest: Additional Evidence From Previously Unpublished Data” in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 33 No. 3, (August): 306-323.

Lundman, Richard J. 1996 (b). “Extralegal Variables and Arrest” in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 33 No. 3, (August): 349-353.

Lynch, James P. and Lynn A. Addington. 2007. Understanding Crime Statistics: Revisiting the Divergence of the NCVS and UCR. New York: Cambridge University Press.

MacCoun, Robert, Beau Kilmer, and Peter Reuter. 2002. “Research on Drugs-Crime Linkages: The Next Generation.” Toward a Drugs and Crime Research Agenda for the 21st Century. NIJ June 2002. (on file)

MacCoun, Robert and P. Reuter. 2001. Drug War Heresies: Learning From Other Vices, Times, and Places. New York: Cambridge University Press.

McCullough, Michael E. 2008. Beyond Revenge: The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct. San Francisco: Josse-Bass.

MacKenzie, Doris Layton. 2006. What Works in Corrections: Reducing the Criminal Activities of Offenders and Delinquents. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Maguire, Edward R. and Stephen D. Mastrofski. 2000. “Patterns of Community Policing in the United States” in Police Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 1. March 2000. pp. 4-45. (.pdf file)

Maher, Lisa, Eloise Dunlap, Bruce D. Johnson, and Ansley Hamid. 1996. “Gender, Power, and Alternative Living Arrangements in the Inner-City Crack Culture” in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 33 No. 2 (May): 181-205.

Maher, Lisa and David Dixon. 1999. “Policing and Public Health: Law Enforcement and Harm Minimization in a Street-Level Drug Market.” British Journal of Criminology. 39(4) Autumn.

Manning, Peter K. 1977. Police Work: the Social Organization of Policing. Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Manning, Peter K. 1980. The Narc’s Game: Organizational and Informational Limits on Drug Law Enforcement. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Manning, Peter K. 1988. Symbolic Communication: Signifying Calls and the Police Response. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Manning, Peter K. 1992. “Information Technologies and the Police,” pp. 349-398 in Michael Tonry and Norval Morris (eds.), Modern Policing. Chicago: The University of Chicago.

Manning, Peter K. 1997. Police Work: the Social Organization of Policing (2nd edition). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.

Manning, Peter K. 2001. “Theorizing Policing: The Drama and Myth of Crime Control in the NYPD,” in Theoretical Criminology. Vol. 5(3):315-344.

Mastrofski, Stephen D., Jeffrey B. Snipes, and Anne E. Supina. 1996. “Compliance on Demand: The Public’s Response to Specific Police Requests” in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 33 No. 3, (August): 269-305.

Mastrofski, Stephen D., Jeffrey B. Snipes, Roger B. Parks, and Christopher D. Maxwell. 2000. “The Helping Hand Of The Law: Police Control Of Citizens On Request” in Criminology. Vol. 38 (2) (May): 307-342.

Matarazzo, JD, BV Allen, G Saslow, AN Wiens. 1964. “Characteristics Of Successful Policemen And Firemen Applicants.” Journal of Applied Psychology. 48 (2): 123-133.

Mauer, Marc. 1990. Young Black Men and the Criminal Justice System: A Growing National Problem. Washington D.C.: The Sentencing Project

Mawby, R. I. 1990. Comparative Policing Issues: The British and American System in International Perspective. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd.

Mawby, R.I. 1999. Policing Across the World. London: London University Press.

Maynard, Douglas W., and Steven E. Clayman. 1991. “The Diversity of Ethnomethodology,” in Annual Review of Sociology. 1991, 17:385-418.

McCabe, James E. 2008. “What Works in Policing?” Police Quarterly. Vol. 11 (3). pp.289-314.

McLaughlin CR, Daniel J, Joost TF. 2000. “Relationship between substance use, drug selling, and lethal violence in 25 juvenile murderers.” Journal Of Forensic Sciences 45 (2): 349-353 March.

McGarrell, Edmund F., Steven Chermak, Alexander Weiss, Jeremy Wilson. 2001. “Reducing Friearms Violence Through Directed Police Patrol.” Criminology and Public Policy. Vol 1(1) November:119-148.

Meares, Tracey L. and Dan M. Kahan. 1998. “Law and (Norms of) Order in the Inner City.” ?

Meares, Tracey L. and Dan M. Kahan (eds.). 1999. Urgent Times: Policing and Rights in Inner-City Communities. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press

Melbin, Murray. 1987. Night as Frontier: Colonizing the world after dark. New York: Free Press.

Mencken, H. L. 1941. “Recollections of Notable Cops” [1900-1910]. In Newspaper Days. New York: A.A. Knopf.

Mencken, H. L. 1955. The Vintage Mencken, edited by Alistair Cook. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.

Mencken, H.L. A Choice of Days, Knopf, 1980.

Merz, Charles. 1930. The Dry Decade. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran and Co.

Messner, Steven F. and Richard Rosenfeld. 1994 “Social Control in Illegal Markets. In Toward a General Theory of Social Control, Vol. 2, edited by Donald Black, 29-58. New York: Academic Press

Miller, Jerome G. 1992a. “42% of Black D.C. Males, 18 to 35, Under Criminal Justice System Control.” Overcrowded Times 3(3):1, 11.

Miller, Jerome G. 1992b. “56 Percent of Young Black Males in Baltimore Under Justice System Control.” Overcrowded Times 3(6):1, 10, 16.

Miller, Susan L. 1999. Gender and Community Policing: Walking the Walk. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Mills, Steve and Teresa Peunte. 1997. “Policing Strategy Memo Backfires in Pilsen” Chicago Tribune, Thursday, September 18, 1997. p. 1.

Miraglia, Greg. 2000. “The Role of Discipline in Basic Training” The Police Chief, May 2000.

Mollen, Milton, Harold Baer Jr., Herbert Evans, Roderick C. Lankler, Harold R. Tyler Jr. “Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the Anti-Corruption Procedures of the Police Department: Commission Report.” The City of New York, July 7, 1994

Monkkonen, Eric H. 1981. Police in Urban America: 1860 – 1920. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press.

Monteforte J.R. and W.U. Spitz, 1975. “Narcotic Abuse Among Homicides in Detroit,” Journal of Forensic Sciences 20: 186-190.

Morris, Pauline and Kevin Heal. 1981. Crime Control and the Police: A Review of Research. London: Home Office, Research Study 67.

Mosher, James F. and Karen L. Yanagisako. 1991, “Public Health, Not Social Warfare: A Public Health Approach to Illegal Drug Policy” Journal of Public Health Policy, 12, 3, Autumn, 278-323.

Moskos, Charles C. and John Butler. 1996. All That We Can Be. New York: BasicBooks.

Moskos, Peter C. 1997. “The Historical Background and Theoretical Framework for Crime Prevention and Police Action in Amsterdam and Boston.” Paper for CCJ 575, May 1997.

Moskos, Peter C. 1998. “Vaksurveillance en Ordehandhaving [Beat Patrol and Order Maintenance],” translated into Dutch by Sjaak Aussems. Report to Politieburo Prinsingracht, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Muir, William Ker, Jr. 1977. Police: Streetcorner Politicians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Niederhoffer, Arthur. 1967. Behind the Shield: the Police in Urban Society. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company.

Newman, Andy. 2002. “Zones of Devastation From 9/11: Mapping the Victims by ZIP Code.” New York Times. August 21, p.1.

New York Times. 1859. “A Municipal Police Force.” Nov 8. p. 4

New York Times. 1859. “The Metropolitan Police: Quarterly Report of Superintendent Pillsbury” November 19. pg. 1.

New York Times. 1863. “Local Intelligence: The Metropolitan Police. Superintendent Kennedy’s Quarterly Report.” Mar 26, p. 2.

New York Times. 1871. “The Want of a Trade a Cause of Crime.” Sep 24, p. 4.

New York Times. 1873. “What The Police Force Needs.” Sep 14. p. 4.

New York Times. 1875. “Three Months’ Police Work: Quarterly Report of the Commissioners.” Aug 6, p. 10.

New York Times. 1884. “The Anaesthetic Cocaine” Dec 23.

New York Times. 1885*. “A Remedy for Many ills: the great demand springing up for cocaine.” Sep 2. p. 8.

New York Times. 1885*. “Poisoned by Cocaine.” NYT Nov 19.

New York Times. 1885*. “Cocaine’s Terrible effect: A Chicago Physician becomes insane from using the drug” NYT Nov 30. p.1

New York Times. 1886: articles about “the victims of cocaine” first appear. Always doctors or chemists.

New York Times. 1887. “Crazed by Drugs” NYT Mar 8.

New York Times. 1888. “A victim to Cocaine” NYT Aug 29.

New York Times. 1889 “One of Cocaine’s Victims” NYT Dec 22, p.9.

New York Times. 1895. “Pulpit and the Saloon: Prohibition the Only Cure” October 21. p.8.

New York Times. 1897. “Driven to Crime by Cocaine: Turned Burglar to Secure money to Purchase the Drug” NYT Mar 29. p.4.

New York Times. 1898. “Died a Victim of Cocaine.” Feb 14, p5.

New York Times. 1900. “Morphine victims sentenced: Four Human Wrecks Arraigned in the West Side Court.” Nov 3, p. 8.

New York Times. 1901. Rev. E.S. Phillips Found Dead in This City. May 18,p. 3.

New York Times. 1902.

New York Times. 1903. “Hampton Negro Conference: Alarming Spread of Cocaine Habit Among the Blacks.” July 16, p. 2.

New York Times. 1906. “Patent Medicine Bill To Curb Drug Users; Amendment Will Make it a Felony to Sell Cocaine to Them; Criminal Offense to Prescribe Such Drugs Except for Purely Medicinal uses” Mar 15, p. 6.

New York Times. 1907. “Anti-Cocaine Bill Passed” March 29, p. 5.

New York Times. 1908*. “Cocaine Forbidden in the U.S. Mails/Government discovered that great quantities were sold direct to users/Negroes took up habit/Pure Food Experts are on the Track of Patent Medicines Which Contain the Drug.” July 15, pg 5.

New York Times. 1908*. “The Growing Menace of the Use of Cocaine.” August 2, pg. SM1.

New York Times. 1914*. NEGRO COCAINE “FIENDS” NEW SOUTHERN MENACE; Murder and Insanity Increasing Among Lower Class Because They Have Taken to “Sniffing” Since Being Deprived of Whisky by Prohibition; by Edward Huntington Williams, M.D. , Sunday February 8, 1914.

New York Times. 1914*. “Police round up drug users here.” July 15, p18.

New York Times. 1915*. “Woods Takes Pride in the Drug Squad/During the year its members arrested 1,950 victims or dealers/Great Progress is Made.” April 4, pC4.

New York Times. 1915*. “Problems of Drug Addiction.” April 16.

New York Times. 1915*. “200,000 Drug Users In United States: Government Report Says the Number of Addicts has Been Overestimated.” Oct 28, p.14

New York Times. 1916. “Drug users begs for mercy for victims: Tells medical editors they should have same treatment from society as drunkards.” Oct 26, p. 8.

New York Times. 1919*. “City Sends About 135 Addicts of Both Sexes to Special Wards in Hospitals; Copeland Plans Campaign, Two Doctors, Three Druggists, and One Addict Arrested in Raid in Brooklyn.” April 11.

New York Times. 1919*. “More Than 1,000,000 Drug Users in the US.” June 13.

New York Times. 1920. “Plan National Drive Against Drug Traffic; Revenue Bureau Officials Find Alarming Increase in Victims and Prepare to Enforce Law.” March 7.

New York Times. 1930A. “Four seized in drug drive.” Feb 1, p 16.

New York Times. 1930B.“Tuttle finds girl, 6, a tool in drug plot.” Feb 7, p. 17.

New York Times. 1933. “Dry Penalties Exceeded Costs.” Dec 22. p. 17

New York Times. 1986*. “On City Street Corners, Night of Antidrug Vigils; Church Leaders Organize Vigils To Fight Drugs”; By GARY GATELY; Jul 22. pg. B1.

New York Times. 1986*. “Anatomy of the Drug Issue: How, After Years, It Erupted; Anatomy of an Issue: How, After Years, Drugs Touched a Nerve;” By PETER KERR; Nov 17, 1986; p. A1.

New York Times. 1987. “CRACK IS LAMENTED AT EMOTIONAL VIGIL; Blacks at a Church Ceremony in Brooklyn Say Drugs Are Eroding Communities”; By ESTHER IVEREM; Jul 19. p. 24.

New York Times. 2003. “In Baltimore, Slogan Collides with Reality.” By Jefferey Gettleman. September 2.

Nurco, David N; Cisin, Ira H; Ball, John C. 1995. “Crime as a Source of Income for Narcotic Addicts.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 1985, 2, 2, 113-115.

Oliver, Willard M. 2000. “The Third Generation of Community Policing: Moving Through Innovation, Diffusion, and Institutionalization” in Police Quarterly. Vol. 3, No. 4, December 2000. pp. 367-388. (.pdf file)

O’Malley, Martin, and Edward Norris. 2000. The Mayor’s Plan to Dramatically Reduce Crime in Baltimore: A Plan of Action for Transforming the Baltimore Police Department into a High Performance Organization. Baltimore City. http://www.ci.baltimore.md.us/news/crime/contents.html

Ousey, Graham C., and Michelle Campbell Augustine. 2001. “Young Guns: Examing Alternative Explanations of Juvenile Firearm Homicide Rates.” IN Criminology, VOL. 39 (4): 933.

Parker, R., and K. Auerhahn. 1998. “Alchohol, Drugs, and Violence. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 291-311.

Paoline, Eugene A. III, Stephanie M. Myers, and Robert E. Worden. 2000. “Police Culture, Individualism, and Community Policing: Evidence from Two Police Departments” in Justice Quarterly, Vol. 17. No. 3 (September): 575-605.

Patterson, Orlando. 1997. The Ordeal of Integration: Progess and Resentment in America’s “Racial” Crisis. Washington, D.C.: Civitas/Counterpoint.

Patterson, Orlando. 1999. “The Liberal Millennium,” in The New Republic, November 8, 1999.

Peel, Robert. 1829. Sanction of Establishment of Police. No 8 Augmentation. Home Office.

Perkins, Douglas D. and Ralph B. Taylor. 1996. “Ecological Assessments of Community Disorder: Their Relationship to Fear of Crime and Theoretical Implications” in American Journal of Community Psychology, 1996, 24, 1, Feb, 63-107

Pierre, R.E. 1996. “Marijuana’s Violent Side.” Washington Post, A1, September 24.

Piliavin, Irving and Scott Briar. 1964. “Police Encounters with Juveniles” in American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 70 (not 69 as ascribed in Sampson), pp. 206-214.

Pfuhl, Erdwin, Jr. 1983. “Police Strikes and Conventional Crime.” Criminology 21:489-503. Policing: an International Journal of Police Strategies and Management

Posner, Richard A. 2002. “The University as Business.” The Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 289 (6) (June): 21.

Preble, E. 1980. “El Barrio Revisited,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Applied Anthropology.

President’s Commission of Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. 1967. The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Punch, Maurice. 1979. Policing the Inner City: A Study of Amsterdam’s Warmoesstraat. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.

Punch, Maurice (ed.). 1983. Control in the Police Organization. Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Punch, Maurice. 2003. “Rotten Orchards: “Pestilence”, Police Misconduct and System Failure.” Policing and Society. 13(2):171-196.

Reuss-Ianni, Elizabeth and Francis A. J. Ianni. 1983. “Street Cops and Management Cops: The Two Cultures of Policing.”

Punch, Maurice. 1986. The Politics and Ethics of Fieldwork. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Police Foundation. 1981. The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Radelet, Louis A. and David L. Carter. 1994. The Police and the Community, 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Rashbaum, William K. 2002. “Response Time to Police Calls Is 29% Faster.” New York Times. September 26.

Ratcliffe, J H; McCullagh, M J. “Chasing Ghosts? Police Perception of High Crime Areas.” British Journal of Criminology, 2001, 41, 2, spring, 330-341.

Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine (eds.). 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Dunster, Troy “Patter, Purpose, and Race in the Drug War: The Crisis of Credibility in Criminal Justice.” Chapter 13 in Reinarman and Levine (eds.) Crack in America. p. 260.

Bourgois, Phillipe. 1997. “In Search of Horatio Alger: Culture and Ideology in the Crack Economy” in Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine (eds.). 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Murphy, Sheigla B and Marsha Rosenbaum. 1997. “Two Women Who Used Cocaine Too Much: Class, Race, Gender, Crack, and Coke.” in Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine (eds.). 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Glasser, Ira and Loren Siegel. 1997. “‘When Constitutional Rights Seem Too Extravagant To Endure’: The Crack Scare’s Impact on Civil Rights and Liberties” in Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine (eds.). 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Duster, Troy. 1997. “Pattern, Purpose, and Race in the Drug War: The Crisis of Credibility in Criminal Justice,” in Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine (eds.). 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Reinarman, Craig, Dan Waldorf, Sheigla B. Murphy, and Harry G. Levine. 1997. “The Contingent Call of the Pipe: Bingeing and Addiction Among Heavy Cocaine Smokers,” in Reinarman, Craig and Harry G. Levine (eds.). 1997. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Reiner, Robert. 1992. The Politics of the Police (2nd Edition). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Reiner, Robert. 1995. “Myth vs. Modernity: Reality and Unreality in the English Model of Policing” in Jean-Paul Brodeur (ed.). Comparisons in Policing: An International Perspective. Brookfield, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company.

Reiss, Albert J. Jr. 1971. The Police and the Public. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Reith, Charles. 1948. A Short History of the British Police. London: Oxford University Press.

Reith, Charles. 1956. A New Study of Police History. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.

Reuss-Ianni, Elizabeth. 1983. Two Cultures of Policing. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Reuss-Ianni, Elizabeth and Francis A. J. Ianni. 1983. Street Cops and Management Cops: The Two Cultures of Policing. In Punch 1983 (ed.) Control in the Police Organization.

Richardson, James F. 1970. The New York Police. New York: Oxford University Press.

Riddle, Donald H. 1999.

Riksheim, Eric C. and Steven M. Chermak. 1993. “Causes of Police Behavior Revisited” in Journal of Criminal Justice. Vol. 21: 353-382.

Reinman, Jeffrey. 1998. The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison: Ideology, Class, and Criminal Justice, 5th ed. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Plunkitt of Tammany Hall. New York.

Robinson AL, Chandek MS. 2000. “The Domestic Violence Arrest Decision: Examining Demographic, Attitudinal, And Situational Variables” Crime & Delinquency 46 (1) (Jan): 18-37.

Rommelmann, Nancy. 1999. “The Code of the Cop Bar,” in LA Weekly, November 5-11, 1999.

Roy, Donald. 1952. “Quota Restriction and Goldbricking in a Machine Shop” American Journal of Sociology. Vol 67, no. 2, pp. 427-42.

Rubinstein, Jonathan. 1973. City Police. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Sampson, RJ and DJ Bartuch. 1998. “Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences” Law and Society Review 32 (4): 777-804.

Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 1993.Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Sampson, Robert J. and Janet L. Lauritsen. 1997. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States” in Ethnicity, Crime and Immigration: Comparative and Cross-national Perspectives edited by Michael Tonry. Vol. 21. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sampson, Robert J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 1999. “Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods,” in American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 105, No. 3 (November 1999): 603-51.

Saner, Hilary, Robert MacCoun, and Peter Reuter. 1995. “On the Ubiquity of Drug Selling Among Youthful Offenders in Washington, D.C., 1985-1990. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Vol. 11, no. 4, 1995, pp. 337-362.

Saunders, Charles B. Jr. 1970. Upgrading the American Police: Education and Training for Better Law Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

Savage, Edward H. 1873. Police Records and Recollections; or, Boston by Daylight and Gaslight for Two hundred and Forty Years includes Recollections of a Boston Police Officer. Boston: John P. Dale & Company.

Schlosser, Eric. “The Prison-Industrial Complex.” The Atlantic Monthly. December 1998.

Schmitt, Lagan Durose. 2002. Characteristics of Drivers Stopped by Police, 1999. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.

Scott, John. 1991. Social Network Analysis: a Handbook. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Ltd.

Shane, Paul G. 1980. Police and People: A Comparison of Five Countries. St. Louise, MO: The C. V. Mosby Company.

Sheley, J.F. 1994. “Drug Activity and Firearms Possession and Use by Juveniles. Journal of Drug Issues, 24, 363-382..

Sheley JF, Zhang J, Brody CJ, Wright JD. 1995. “Gang organization, gang criminal activity, and individual gang members criminal behavior.” Social Science Quarterly. 76 (1): 53-68 March.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1973. Team Policing: Seven Case Studies. Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1983. “Patrol Strategies for Police.” in James Q. Wilson (ed.). 1983. Crime and Public Policy. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1984. “Experiments in Police Discretion: Scientific Boon or Dangerous Knowledge?” Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 47(4):61-81

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1995. The Police. In Crime, J. Wilson and J. Petersilia (eds.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 2002. “Trust and Confidence in Criminal Justice.” NIJ Journal no. 248, March 2002. pp.22-31.

Sherman, Lawrence, Denise Gottfredson, Doris MacKenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter, Shawn Bushway, in collaboration with members of the Graduate Program, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising: A Report to the United States Congress. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice. Downloaded from: http://www.preventingcrime.org/

Sherman, Lawrence W, James W. Shaw, and Dennis P. Rogan. 1995. “The Kansas City Gun Experiement.” National Institute of Justice Research in Brief. January 1995. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.

Silberman, Charles. 1978. Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice. New York: Random House.

Simon, Jonathan. 2007. Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. New York: Oxford University Press.

Allan Silver, “The Demand for Order in Civil Society,” The Police ed. David J. Bordua (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976) 21;

Skogan, Wesley G. 1990. Disorder and Decline: Crime and Spiral of Decay in America. New York: The Free Press.

Skogan, Wesley G. and Susan M. Harnett. 1997. Community Policing, Chicago Style. New York: Oxford University Press.

Skolnick, Jerome H. 2002. “Corruption and the Blue Code of Silence.” Police Practice and Research. Vol 3(1). pp. 7-19.

Skolnick, Jerome H. and James J. Fyfe. 1993. Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force. New York: The Free Press.

Slovak, Jeffrey S. and Hale, Charles D. 1981. “Service-Delivery Styles in an Urban Police Department.” American Sociological Association. Association Paper: 81S13360.

Smith, Dave. 2001 “Police Leadership and the Abilene Paradox.” The Police Chief, April 2001.

Smith, Douglas A. 1986. “The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior” in Communities and Crime, edited by Albert J. Reiss, Jr., and Michael Tonry. Vol. 8 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Smart Steps: Treating Baltimore’s Drug Problem. Downloaded from http://www.drugstrategies.org/baltimore/BaltCh_2.html

Snyder, Terrie. 1999. “[Mobtown Beat] Major Influence? Ranking Officer get Nonstandard Treatment in Shooting Probe.” City Paper, December 1, 1999 p. 19 (word file)

Soeters, Joseph L. Year? circa 1996. “Culture in Uniformed Organizations.” in Ashkanasy, Neal M & Wilderom, Celeste P M & Peterson, Mark F Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Soeters, Joseph L. 2000. “Culture in Uniformed Organizations.” in Ashkanasy, Neal M., Celeste P. M. Wideron and Mark F. Peterson (eds.). Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Solomon, Freda F. 2002. “The Impact of Quality-of-Life Policing on Arrest and Arrestee Characteristics in New York City.” New York City Criminal Justice Agency. Presented at Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago. 2002.

Solmes, Alwyn. 1935. The English Policeman: 871-1935. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Spielman, Fran. 2002. “911 Failed Murder Victim.” Chicago Sun Times. May 10.

Spelman, William and Dale K. Brown. 1981. Calling the Police: Citizen Reporting of Serious Crime. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

Spelman, William. 1993. “Abandoned Buildings – Magnets For Crime.” Journal Of Criminal Justice Vol. 21 (5):481-495.

Stamper, Norm. 2005. Breaking Rank. New York: Nation Books.

Steinberg, Alan. 1989. The Transformation of Criminal Justice: Philadelphia, 1800-1880.

Stewart, Eric A. and Ronald L. Simons. 2006. “Structure and Culture in African American Adolescent Violence: A Partial Test of the ‘Code of the Street’ Thesis.” Justice Quarterly. Vol. 23 (1) March.

Substance Abuse and Mental Heath Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. 2002. Mortality Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2000. DAWN Series D-19, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 02-3633. Rockville, MD, 2002.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2003. Results from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NHSDA Series H-22, DHHS Publication No. SMA 03–3836). Rockville, MD.Taylor, Bruce G., Nora Fitzgerald, Dana Hunt, Judy A. Reardon, Henry H. Brownstein. 2001. “ADAM Preliminary 2000 Findings on Drug Use and Drug Markets—Adult Male Arrestees.” NCJ 189101. Washington D.C.: National Institute of Justice.

Tardiff, K., P.M. Marzuk, A.C. Leon, C.S. Hirsch, M. Stajic, L. Portera, and N. Hartwell. 1994. “Homicide in New York City: Cocaine Use and Firearms.” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 43-46.

Taylor, Bruce G., Nora Fitzgerald, Dana Hunt, Judy A. Reardon, Henry H. Brownstein. 2001. “ADAM Preliminary 2000 Findings on Drug Use and Drug Markets—Adult Male Arrestees.” NCJ 189101. Washington D.C.: National Institute of Justice.

Taylor, Ralph B. 2001. Breaking Away from Broken Windows: Baltimore Neighborhoods and the Nationwide Fight Against Crime, Grime, Fear, and Decline. Boulder, Colorado: Westwood Press.

Teahan, John E. 1975. “A Longitudinal Study of Attitudinal Shifts among Black and White Police Officers.” Journal of Issues. Vol. 31.

Tien, James M, James W. Simon, and Richard C. Larson. 1978. An Alternative Approach in Police Patrol: The Wilmington Split-Force Experiment. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Timmer, Jaap, 1997. Criminal Law Topics. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit.

Tonry, Michael. 1995. Malign Neglect. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tonry, Michael. 2004. Thinking About Crime: Sense and Sensibility in American Penal Culture. New York. Oxford University Press.

Towne, Charles Hanson. 1923. The Rise and Fall of Prohibition: The Human Side of What the Eighteenth Amendment Has Done to the United States. New York: Macmillan.

Tracy, Paul, Marvin Wolfgang, and Robert Figlio. 1985. Delinquency in Two Birth Cohorts. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Travis, Lawrence F. III, Kenneth J. Novak, Craig N. Winston, David C. Hurley. 2000. “Cops at the Door: The Impact of Citizen Surveys by Police on Public Attitudes” in Police Quarterly. Vol. 3 No. 1. March 2000. pp. 85-104. (pdf file)

Trojanowicz, Robert, and Dennis W. Banas. 1985. “Perceptions of Safety: A Comparison of Foot Patrol Versus Motor Patrol Officers.” The National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center.

Tydings, Millard E. 1930. Before and After Prohibition. New York: MacMillan.

U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING PROGRAM DATA [UNITED STATES]: SUPPLEMENTARY HOMICIDE REPORTS, 2000 [Computer file]. Compiled by the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 2002.

U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Census of Population and Housing, generated by Peter Moskos.

U.S. Census Bureau 2001. State and County QuickFacts. Data derived from Population Estimates, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates, County Business Patterns, 1997 Economic Census, Minority- and Women-Owned Business, Building Permits, Consolidated Federal Funds Report, 1997 Census of Governments. <http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24510.html>

U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. 2000. Baltimore District Report. Washington, D.C.: DEA, July.

US ‘seizes al-Qaeda drugs ship’. 2003. BBC News, World Addition On Line at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3335183.stm. December 19.

Van Maanen, John. “Chapter 8. Summary: Towards a Theory of the Career”

Van Maanen, John. 1972. Pledging the Police: A Study of Selected Aspects of Recruit Socialization in a Large, Urban Police Department. University of California, Irvine. Ph.D. Dissertation.

Van Maanen, John. 1973. “Observations on the Making of Policemen” in Human Organization. Vol. 32, No. 4. Winter 1973

Van Maanen, John. 1976. “Breaking in: Socialization to Work.” In Dubins, R. 1976. Handbook of Work, Organization and Society. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Van Maanen, John. 1978. “People Processing: Strategies of Organizational Socialization.” In Organizational Dynamics, Summer 1978.

Van Maanen, John. 1978. “The Asshole,” Policing: A View from the Street, Peter K. Manning and John Van Maanen (eds.), pp. 221-238. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing.

Van Maanen, John, and Edgar H. Schein. 1979. “Toward a Theory of Organizational Socialization.” In Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 1. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press, 1979.

Van Maanen, John. 1982. “Boundary Crossings: Major Strategies of Organizational Socialization and Their Consequences” in Ralph Katz (ed.) Career Issues in Human Resource Management. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Van Maanen, John. 1983. “The Boss: First-Line Supervision in an American Police Agency” in Punch, Maurice (ed.). 1983. Control in the Police Organization. Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Van Maanen, John. 1988. Tales of the Field. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Van Maanen, John. 1998 [draft from 7/98]. Identity Work: Notes on the Personal Identity of Police Officers.

Van Maanen, John and Edgar Schein: 1979. “Toward a Theory of Organizational Socialization.” in Staw, B.M. (ed.). 1971. Research in Organizational Behavior. Vol. 1. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press. 1972.

Venkatesh, Sudhir Allada. 2000. American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Vollmer, August. 1936. The Police and Modern Society: Plain Talk Based on Practical Experience. Berkley, California: University of California Press.

Wacquant, Loïc. 1997. “Three Pernicious Premises in the Study of the American Ghetto.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 20 (2): 341–53.

Wacquant, Loïc. 2001. “Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh.” Forthcoming in Mass Imprisonment in the United States: Social Causes and Consequences. London: Sage Publications.

Wacquant, Loïc. 2002. “From Slavery to Mass Incarceration” New Left Review. 13, Jan Feb:41-60.

Waddington, P.A.J. 1999. Policing Citizens. London: London University Press.

Walker, Samuel. A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books.

Walker, Donald B. 1984. “The Relationship between Social Research and Public Policy: The Case of Police Selection Processes.” North Central Sociological Association. Association Paper: 84S16664.

Walker, Samuel. 1989. Sense and Nonsense About Crime, 2nd ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.

Walker, Samuel. 2006. Sense and Nonsense About Crime and Drugs: A Policy Guide (6^th edition). Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth.

Walsh, William. 1986. “Patrol Officer Arrest Rates: A Study in the Social Organization of Police Work,” Justice Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 3 (September), pp. 271-290. (in Klockars and Mastrofski: Thinking about Police, p. 353)

Warburton, Clark. 1932. The Economic Results of Prohibition. New York: Columbia University Press.

Warner, Jessica. 2003. Gin and Debauchery in an Age of Reason. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows.

Was the eighteenth amendment “slipped over?” No date [pamphlet circa 1923]. Westerville, OH: The American Issue Publishing Company

Weber, Max. 1958. “Class, Status, and Party.” In H. Gerth and C. W. Mills (eds. and trans.) From Max Weber. New York: Oxford University Press.

Websdale, Neil. 2001. Policing the Poor: From Slave Plantation to Public Housing. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001.

Weitzer, Ronald. 2000. “White, Black, or Blue Cops? Race and Citizen Assessments of Police Officers.” Journal of Criminal Justice. (July-August) Vol. 28 (4): 313.

Weitzer, Ronald. 2000. “Racialized Policing: Residents’ Perceptions in Three Neighborhoods.” Law and Society Review. 34 (1): 129-155 2000

Weitzer, Ronald. 2006. “Moral Crusade Against Prostitution” Society. March/April.

Weitzer, Ronald and SA Tuch. 2002. “Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience.” Criminology. 40 (2): 435-456 MAY 2002

Weisburd, David and Anthony A. Braga (eds.). 2006. Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Westley, William A. 1953. “Violence and the Police.” American Journal of Sociology. Vol 59: 34-41.

Westley, William A. 1970. Violence and the Police: A Sociological Study of Law, Custom, and Morality. Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

White, H.R. and D.M. Gorman. 2000. “Dynamics of the Drug-Crime Relationship.” In Crime and Justice 2000. Vol 1: The Nature of Crime: Continuity and Change (pp.151-218) (NCJ 182408). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. (.pdf file)

Whyte, William. 1943. Street Corner Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Whyte, William F. 1943. Street Corner Society: the Social Structure of an Italian Slum (4th ed.). Chicago: the University of Chicago Press (1993).

Wikström, Per-Olof H. and Robert J. Sampson (eds.) 2006. The Explanation of Crime: Context, Mechanisms and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Williams, Kristian. 2007. Our Enemies in Blue: Police and Power in America. Boston: South End Press.

Williams, Hubert and Patrick V. Murphy. 1990. “The Evolving Strategy of Police: A Minority View,” in Perspectives on Policing. No. 13. January 1990. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice.

Williams, Willie L. and Bruce B. Henderson. 1996. Taking Back our Streets: Fighting Crime in America. New York: Scribner.

Willis, Clint (ed.) 2002. NYPD: Stories of Survival From the World’s Toughest Beat. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press.

Poss, M. Joseph and Henry R. Schlesinger. 1994. Brooklyn Bounce: The True-Life Adventures of a Good Cop in a Bad Precinct. New York: Avon.

Laffey, Marcus. 1997. “Cop Diary” in The New Yorker. November 11.

McAlary, Mike. 1987. Buddy Boys: When Good Cops Turn Bad. New York: Putnam.

Wilson, James Q. 1968. Varieties of Police Behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Wilson, James Q. 1979. The Effect of the Police on Crime. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.

Wilson, James Q. (ed.). 1983. Crime and Public Policy. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies.

Wilson, James Q. and George L. Kelling. 1982. “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety.” The Atlantic. March: 29-38.

Wilson, James Q. and J. Petersilia (eds.). 1995. Crime. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Wilson, James Q. and Joan Petersilia (eds.) 2004. Crime: Public Policies for Crime Control. Oakland, California: Institute for Contemporary Studies.

Wilson, Orlando W. 1950. Police Administration. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Wilson, Orlando W. and R. McLaren. 1972. Police Administration. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Wilson, William Julius. 1996. When Work Disappears. New York: Random House.

Wilson, William Julius. 1997. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Winerip, Michael. 2000. “Why Harlem Drug Cops Don’t Discuss Race.” The New York Times. July 9.

Wish, Eric D. and George S. Yacoubian, Jr. 2001. “Findings from the 2001 Baltimore City Substance Abuse Need for Treatment Among Arrestees (SANTA) Project.” College Park, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Research (CESAR).

Wolfgang, Marvin, Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin. 1972. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wooddy, Carroll H. 1934. The Growth of the Federal Government, 1915-1932. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Worden, Alissa Pollitz. 1993. “The Attitudes of Women and Men in Policing: Testing Conventional and Contemporary Wisdom” Criminology. Vol 31. (2): 203-241.

Worden, Robert E., Robin L. Shepard, Stephen D. Mastrofski. 1996. “On the Meaning and Measurement of Suspects’ Demeanor Toward the Police: A Comment On ‘Demeanor and Arrest’” in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 33 No. 3, (August): 324-332.

You Are Under Suspicion: Questioning, detention and remand in custody. ‘U wordt verdacht’ Engels. The Netherlands Ministry of Justice, The Hague, 1995.

Young, Malcolm. 1991. An Inside Job: Policing and Police Culture in Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Zahn, M. A. and M. Bencivengo. 1974. “Violent Death: A Comparison Between Drug Users and Nondrug Users,” Addictive Diseases 1:283-296

Zhao, Johong “Solomon,” Ni He, Nicholas Lovrich. “Predicting Five Dimensions of Police Officer Stress: Looking More Deeply into Organizational Settings for Sources of Police Stress.” In Police Quarterly vol 5 no 1, Mayrch 2002 pp. 43-62.

Zimring, Franklin E. and Gordon Hawkins. 1997. Crime is Not the Problem. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zimring, Franklin E. 2007. The Great American Crime Decline. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zingraff, Matthew T., H. Marcinda Mason, William R. Smith, Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, Patricia Warren, Harvey L. McMurray, and C. Robert Fenlon. 2000. Evaluating North Carolina State Highway Patrol Data: Citations, Warnings, and Searches in 1998. Report Submitted to: North Carolina Department of Crime Control & Public Safety and North Carolina State Highway Patrol.

Zuger, Abigail [M.D.]. 2000. “Medical Fun Lost, Alas, In a Shuffle.” New York Times. September 19, 2000, p. D7.